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BRD is multifactorial, meaning that it arises from various factors working in combination. Respiratory pathogens, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, often cause secondary infections following a viral infection, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Environmental factors like overcrowding, poor ventilation, sudden temperature changes, and inadequate nutrition can weaken the immune system of cattle, making them more susceptible to pneumonia.


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Cow lice are ectoparasites that live on the skin of cattle, feeding on their blood and skin debris. There are two primary types of lice that infest cattle biting lice (such as Damalinia bovis) and sucking lice (like Linognathus vituli). Biting lice feed on the skin and debris, while sucking lice attach to the animal's skin and feed on blood. Both types can lead to symptoms such as itching, hair loss, and skin irritation, making the cows uncomfortable.


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